PATIENT INFORMATION LEAFLET
Pap smear (Pap test) and cervical screening
A quick screening test that can find cervical cell changes early - before they become cancer.
Reviewed by the Verra Health clinical team · Last reviewed September 2026
What is a Pap smear?
A Pap smear, also called a Pap test, collects a small sample of cells from the cervix (the opening between the uterus and vagina). A laboratory checks the cells for changes that could become cervical cancer. The test does not diagnose every sexually transmitted infection and is not a general pelvic exam.
Why is it important?
Cervical cell changes often cause no symptoms. Screening can find these changes early, when they can be monitored or treated. Most cervical cancers are linked to high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a very common infection spread through intimate skin-to-skin or sexual contact. Screening is still important if you have had the HPV vaccine or are no longer sexually active.
Which screening test is used in Alberta?
| Age | Usual screening test | Usual interval |
|---|---|---|
| 25–49 | Pap test | Every 3 years |
| 50–69 | HPV cervical screening test | Every 5 years if HPV is not detected |
Your clinician may recommend a different plan based on previous results, symptoms, immune health, pregnancy, a history of cervical changes, or other factors. Screening recommendations can also change, so confirm your personal schedule with your healthcare provider.
What happens during the test?
- You will lie on an examination bed. You can ask questions, request a smaller speculum, or ask to pause at any time.
- The clinician gently places a speculum in the vagina so the cervix can be seen.
- A small brush collects cells from the cervix. This usually takes only a few minutes.
- The sample goes to a laboratory. You may feel pressure, mild discomfort, or brief cramping. Light spotting afterward can happen.
How can I prepare?
- Book a time when you are not having your period, if possible.
- For 24 hours before a Pap test, avoid vaginal sex.
- For 48 hours before a Pap test, avoid douches, vaginal medications, and spermicidal creams, foams, or jellies unless your clinician tells you otherwise.
- Tell the clinician if you are pregnant, have pain or bleeding, have had difficult examinations, or would like support or accommodations.
What do the results mean?
A normal Pap result means no abnormal cells were seen. An abnormal result does not automatically mean cancer. Cell changes can be caused by HPV, irritation, or infection, and some return to normal on their own. You may need a repeat test, an HPV test, or a closer examination called a colposcopy. Completing follow-up is an important part of screening.
A positive HPV result means a high-risk type was detected; it does not mean you have cancer. Your healthcare team will explain the next step.
Frequently asked questions
Does a Pap smear hurt?
You may feel pressure, mild discomfort, or brief cramping, but the test is usually quick. Tell your clinician if you are uncomfortable. You can ask to pause, stop, or try a smaller speculum.
What happens if my Pap test is abnormal?
An abnormal result does not automatically mean cancer. You may need a repeat test, an HPV test, or a closer examination called a colposcopy. Your healthcare team will explain the recommended follow-up.
Can I have a Pap smear during my period?
It is usually best to book screening when you are not having your period, if possible. If you have unexpected bleeding or bleeding after sex, contact a healthcare provider rather than waiting for a screening appointment.
Do I still need screening if I had the HPV vaccine?
Yes. The HPV vaccine lowers your risk but does not protect against every HPV type that can cause cervical cancer. Continue screening according to Alberta recommendations.
Can I request a female clinician?
You can ask whether a female clinician is available. Availability may vary, but the clinic may be able to refer you to a female clinician or nurse practitioner, or help arrange other accommodations to make you feel comfortable. You can pause or stop the examination at any time.
Book your screening
Ask your family doctor, nurse practitioner, or women’s health clinic about cervical screening. If you do not have a regular provider, Verra Health can help you understand the next appropriate step.
Trusted information
- Alberta Cervical Cancer Screening Program
- Canadian Cancer Society: Pap test
- Canadian Cancer Society: HPV test
This leaflet is for general education and does not replace individualized medical advice.